• A man with acute bacterial prostatitis should stay on antibiotics for six weeks, even if his symptoms get better right away. Bacterial prostatitis could be compared to another stealthy infection too easily harbored by the body— tuberculosis—in that if it’s not obliterated right away, it becomes much more difficult to cure. Somehow, over time, the bacteria become tougher to eliminate. Eradicating acute bacterial prostatitis the first time around, by relentless treatment with antibiotics, is the best way to avoid developing chronic bacterial prostatitis.

    The same holds true for patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Again, says the University of Maryland urologist, “Any treatment with antibiotics will help somebody initially; a week to ten days’ worth will get you through the first episode. Then a few months later, the infection might come back.” In many cases, the infection goes away every time with treatment; if, a few months later, it returns, it will vanish again after another round of antibiotics.

    For men with nonbacterial prostatitis, the anti-UTI antibiotics are useless: If there’s no infection, and thus no bacteria, why take bacteria-killing drugs? No reason. (However, some doctors try fourteen days’ worth of drugs, such as erythromycin and tetracycline, commonly used to treat other kinds of pathogens, as a first step. There is no real information on whether this is effective.) For the most part, all doctors can do currently for this kind of prostatitis is try to give relief from the symptoms.

    Sometimes there’s a clear cause-and-effect relationship at work in prostatitis— the insertion of a urinary catheter, for example, during a medical procedure. This causes more trauma in the urinary tract for some men than for others.

    Other risk factors include a recent bladder or kidney infection; an enlarged prostate (BPH, in which the prostate grows to constrict the urethra and can have a harmful effect on the urinary tract); and rectal intercourse, also associated with trauma to the urinary tract.

    In bacterial prostatitis, the question is, how did the bacteria get into the urinary tract? In the instances mentioned above, bacteria may be able to invade the prostate from the urethra when infected urine “backs up” into the prostate ducts. (During unprotected rectal intercourse, too, rectal bacteria can be picked up by the penis and drawn into the urethra, and then can make their way into the urinary tract.)

    But for nonbacterial prostatitis, and prostatodynia, the basic answer is that nobody knows. There have been severe cases in which men have had their prostates removed—and yet the symptoms failed to go away. Which leads to the question of whether nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia are really happening in the prostate at all? “Prostatitis is a catch-all term,” says the University of Maryland urologist. “Too often, any time a patient comes in with pelvic pain, rectal pain, lower back pain—the doctor says, ‘You’ve probably got a touch of prostatitis.’ But a lot of men are told they have prostatitis when they’ve really got something else.”

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  • Have you ever focused the sun’s rays through a magnifying glass? The glass harnesses just a fraction of the sun’s colossal energy, but the focused light beam is powerful enough to burn a hole through a leaf or to start a small fire.

    A laser is focused light, and it’s an awesome source of energy that cuts a path wherever it’s aimed. Two distinctive methods—called “non-contact” and “contact”—are available for laser prostatectomy. Although both spring from the same energy source—light—they involve different techniques.

    Non-Contact Laser Techniques

    Non-contact techniques include the TULIP (Transurethral Ultrasound-Guided Laser-Induced Prostatectomy) device and the side-firing Urolase Fiber. Both produce temperatures from 60 to 100 degrees. (The energy varies with the strength of the beam. Picture a flashlight shining in a dark room. As the beam spreads and diffuses, so does its energy; at its outermost edges, it is least powerful.) The TULIP device features an ultrasound scanner, which gives surgeons a picture of the areas the laser will target and allows for greater accuracy. The side-firing technique is performed through a cystoscope, whose tiny camera allows surgeons to view the procedure on a television monitor. This also is called the VLAP (Visual Laser-Assisted Prostatectomy) procedure. These non-contact techniques use a transurethral probe, inserted through the tip of the penis, that beams the laser at a 90-degree angle directly into the prostate.

    Like thermotherapy, non-contact laser prostatectomy does not remove BPH tissue. Instead, space is created around the urethra when the “zapped” tissue dies, sloughs away, and is absorbed back into the body. Because of this, both non-contact techniques cause swelling in the prostate (just as tissue swells around a burn), resulting in obstruction and the need for a catheter for several days in some men. Really hot temperatures (which may be needed for severe obstruction) can blast holes in the prostate; these can cause irritative symptoms until the tissue has dissolved into tiny particles that are flushed out over time during urination, which will result in the gradual widening of the prostatic urethra.

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  • Some men go right to a specialty physician, a urologist, for help with urinary problems, but most men start out with a generalist—their family practitioner or internist. Most likely, all of these doctors will approach your symptoms the same way—there should be a digital rectal examination (discussed below) and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Most family physicians will go ahead and treat a problem such as a urinary tract infection. However, if your family doctor suspects that something else is causing this infection—if it keeps coming back, for example, or if it’s accompanied by other symptoms, you may be referred to a urologist for more specific testing. You should also be referred to a urologist if you are diagnosed as having BPH, prostatitis, or prostate cancer, or if you need urologic surgery or other procedures such as cystoscopy.

    Differential Diagnosis of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Besides BPH, What Else Could Be Causing This?

    Obstructive Symptoms

    Stricture Cancer

    Neurogenic bladder* Medication

    Irritative Symptoms

    Infection—bladder or prostate Bladder tumor Bladder stone Neurogenic bladder*

    *This is bladder trouble caused by a neurological problem, such as Parkinson’s disease.

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  • Other problems listed in this University of Colorado study come under the category of communication failure. Some guidelines for drug dosages (printed in medical reference books and other sources) are not appropriate for the particular intensity of cancer, pain. And sometimes—this is increasingly common—if a patient is being looked after by a group of physicians, there may not be a clear understanding of who’s responsible for pain management. The pain may “fall through the cracks.”

    You’re a patient; what can you do? If you’re suffering terrible pain, talk to your physician. If you’re being treated by a group practice, demand that one doctor oversee your pain and other symptoms. If you’re still not satisfied with the care you’re getting, look for another doctor—preferably, someone who treats many cancer patients and is attuned to their particular, intense pain.

    Another option is to contact the National Hospice Organization, a group whose goal is to “enable patients to carry on an alert, pain-free life and to manage other symptoms,” so their days “may be spent with dignity and quality at home or in a home-like setting.” (See “Where to Get Help,” at the back of this book.)

    Most hospice programs—and there are hundreds throughout the country—are directed by physicians, and care is administered by a spectrum of health-care professionals, including nurses, psychologists, members of the clergy, and social workers. Care is available twenty-four hours a day, every day, and it is centered around patients and their families.

    There are also some regulatory issues, the University of Colorado study showed. When potentially addictive narcotics (strong painkillers like morphine) are involved, so is the government. That’s why most of these drugs are called “controlled substances.” Some governmental red tape can include limits on refills; however, this is not an insurmountable hassle—it just means patients need to get their doctors to write new prescriptions when their medication runs out.

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  • This technique sounds great: For starters, it involves no surgery. Instead, extremely cold liquid nitrogen is used to freeze the entire prostate, causing cancer cells within the gland to rupture as they begin to thaw.

    The idea itself is not new. Many years ago, when the technique was first introduced, the freezing was accomplished through the urethra. Today, using ultrasound to guide them, doctors circulate the freezing liquid nitrogen through five metallic probes, which are placed in the prostate gland through the perineum. The freezing continues until the ultrasound shows that an “iceball” has been created. The procedure can take longer than an hour, and the hospital stay is generally one or two days.

    Doctors who perform cryoablation (also called cryotherapy) must be well-acquainted with transrectal ultrasound, so they can be sure that the prostate is frozen completely. During the procedure, the tissue around the urethra is heated so it won’t be destroyed along with the rest of the prostate.

    The advantages of cryoablation include a short hospital stay and the absence of serious problems with urinary control. Fans of this procedure emphasize cryoablation’s ease of treatment and freedom from early side effects.

    However, only about one-third of men appear to be potent afterward; this may be because, in an attempt to destroy all the cancer, many doctors who perform this procedure deliberately attempt to freeze the nerve bundles that are essential for erection.

    The big unknown here is whether cryoablation actually cures prostate cancer. Prostate cancer begins as a “multifocal” disease—many bits of cancer cells sprouting up in many sites within the prostate. So to cure it, it’s necessary to eliminate the entire prostate. But that doesn’t happen with cryoablation. During the procedure, the tissue around the urethra is protected by heat. Does the heat that preserves the urethra also spare a few scattered cancer cells? This is not clear.

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